Okonkwo Of Okonkwo - 1890 Words

Okonkwo was known throughout the nine villages and even beyond. His fame rested on solid personal achievements. As a young man of eighteen he had brought honour to his village by throwing Amalinze the Cat. Amalinze was the great wrestler who for seven years was unbeaten, from Umuofia to Mbaino. He was called the Cat because his back would never touch the earth. It was this man that Okonkwo threw in a fight which the old men agreed was one of the fiercest since the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the wild for seven days and seven nights. The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held their breath. Amalinze was a wily craftsman, but Okonkwo was as slippery as a fish in water. Every nerve and every muscle stood out on their arms, on their backs and their thighs, and one almost heard them stretching to breaking point. In the end Okonkwo threw the Cat. That was many years ago, twenty years or more, and during this time Okonkwo s fame had grown like a bush-fire in the harmattan. He was tall and huge, and his bushy eyebrows and wide nose gave him a very severe look. He breathed heavily, and it was said that, when he slept, his wives and children in their houses could hear him breathe. When he walked, his heels hardly touched the ground and he seemed to walk on springs, as if he was going to pounce on somebody. And he did pounce on people quite often. He had a slight stammer and whenever he was angry and could not get his words out quickly enough, he would useShow MoreRelatedOkonkwo : Okonkwo And His World1188 Words   |  5 Pagesby introducing us to Okonkwo and his world. The story takes place in a small village in Nigeria. The main character is Okonkwo, he is a tough man that everyone respects. He was a wrestler, warrior, farmer, father, and a tribe leader he is a very strong figure. Later we learn that the force that pushes Okonkwo to be this way is his fear to be like his father Unoka. Okonkwo’s father was known as a lazy coward man t hat died and left the village with many unsettled disputes. Okonkwo lived every day ofRead MoreThe Tradgedy of Okonkwo849 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Okonkwo In the book Things Fall Apart there are many themes. One of the themes is Change, in which Okonkwo faces a lot of. Another theme in this book is how important family is in the Ibo culture. What it means to be a man in the Ibo culture is also a major theme in this book. Change is one of the biggest themes in this book. Okonkwo goes through a lot of changes for the worse. One example of a change for Okonkwo is when he was exiled for seven years. Okonkwo was exiled becauseRead More Okonkwo Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pages Okonkwo Tragic Hero Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slowly the men make their way up the hill with Obierika in the lead. Leaves crunch as feet uniformly step onto the ground. The commissioner and his soldiers are warily eyeing their surroundings. Each man snuggles close to Okonkwo’s compound wall, hoping not to be seen. They go past a small bush. It is next to a red hole in the wall where small animals enter and exit the compound. Finally, the men all stop. They spot the body dangling fromRead MoreTheme Of Ikemefuma In Okonkwo787 Words   |  4 PagesFall Apart , as much as Okonkwo handles his family with a heavy hand, Okonkwo’s relationship with his children create a subsidizing factor in the inner conflict between Okonkwo’s reputation and his fatherly instincts. Okonkwo treats his two children, Nwoye and Ezinma differently from his adoptive son Ikemefuna, opening a window to show the large differences the three. Their Father and son relationship are different between Okonkwo and his own father, also between Okonkwo and his children Nwoye, EnzimaRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Okonkwo829 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter Okonkwo struggles with the fear of being like his father. Okonkwo also has a hard time dealing with the Christian missionaries and the British colonialism influencing his clan. Okonkwo is a tragic hero because the of his fatal judgment errors and outside forces building up to his tragic downfall, even though he was well-respected among the entire Igbo Tribe. Okonkwo shows many judgmental weaknesses. The clan demanded for Ikemefuna to be killed so when it was time, â€Å"...Okonkwo drew hisRead MoreOkonkwo As A Tragic Hero1526 Words   |  7 PagesApart, the main character, Okonkwo, serves as a tragic hero. A tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, is a great character who makes a judgement error that inevitably leads to his or her’s own downfall. By the end of the novel, Okonkwo’s downfall can be seen when he ends up taking his own life. On one hand, some may argue that Okonkwo was merely a victim of fate. On the other hand, others may also argue that Okonkwo was responsible for his own downfall. I believe that Okonkwo, like all tragic heroesRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Okonkwo831 Words   |  4 PagesOkonkwo: Tragic Hero According to dictionary.com, a tragic hero is â€Å"a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat.† In the book, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo struggles with the fear of being like his father. Okonkwo also has a hard time dealing with the Christian missionaries and the British colonialism influencing his clan. Okonkwo is a tragic hero because of his fatal judgment errors and outside forces buildingRead MoreAnalysis Of Ikemefuna By Okonkwo850 Words   |  4 PagesIkemefuna, he was at a loss†(Achebe 50) Okonkwo knew that Ikemefuna was going to be killed because the old man told Okonkwo that told him that Umuofia has decided to kill him. â€Å"Why had Okonkwo withdrawn to the rear?† â€Å"As the man who had cleared his throat drew up and raised the machete, Okonkwo looked away. He heard the blow. The pot fell and broke in the sand. He heard Ikemefuna cry, ‘My father, t hey have killend me!’ as he rans toward him. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down.Read MoreOkonkwo As A Man Of The Igbo945 Words   |  4 Pagescolonization began to take place. Okonkwo the protagonist is in the center of it all. Okonkwo name is well known throughout the nine villages for his great wrestling ability. Okonkwo is the pride of the igbo tribe in Nigeria this is around 1900s. Okonkwo is a very prideful man who lives in fear of not becoming the man his father was, He seems to be so caught up in being the total opposite of his father that he does not live his own life and do whats in his heart. Okonkwo s father Unoka had no personalRead MoreCharacter Analysis Okonkwo862 Words   |  4 PagesOkonkwo’s relationship with Unoka to shape Okonkwo as an outwardly strong yet internally weak character and to clarify Okonkwo’s murder of Ikemefuna. Throughout the novel, Achebe describes Okonkwo’s thoughts about Unoka to portray Okonkwo as a strong, masculine character who is driven by a fear of weakness and failure. Okonkwo’s outwardly strong character is evident in Achebe’s discussion of Okonkwo’s passion in life. For example, Achebe says, â€Å"Okonkwo was ruled by one passion – to hate everything

Purpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies - 26269 Words

Manual on Module II Introduction to Hospitality By Authors Mr Murray Mackenzie School of Hotel Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Dr Benny Chan Hong Kong Community College The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Consultant Mr Tony Tse School of Hotel Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Introduction to Hospitality Copyright  © The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region All rights reserved. The copyright of this manual belongs to the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Commercial use is strictly prohibited. Offenders will be liable to the legal responsibility. Schools need not apply for permission to copy this manual†¦show more content†¦15 2.2.3 Introduction to the Rooms Division .................................................................. 17 2.2.4 Front Office Operations ................................................................................... 17 2.2.4.1 Guest Cycle ...............................................................................................18 2.2.4.2 Front Office Department ............................................................................22 2.2.4.3 Types of Hotel Guest .................................................................................36 2.2.4.4 The Accommodation Product ....................................................................37 2.2.5 Housekeeping Operations ............................................................................... 41 2.2.5.1 2.2.5.2 In-room Guest Supplies and Amenities .....................................................49 2.2.5.3 Room Status Codes...................................................................................50 2.2.5.4 Types of Guest Requests ..........................................................................52 2.2.5.5 3 Housekeeping Department ........................................................................41 Security Procedures ..................................................................................55 Food and Beverage SectorShow MoreRelatedPurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26276 Words   |  106 PagesSpecial Administrative Region. Commercial use is strictly prohibited. Offenders will be liable to the legal responsibility. Schools need not apply for permission to copy this manual in whole or in part for non-profit making educational or research purposes. All other uses should gain prior permission in writing from the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Requests should be directed to the: Education Bureau 13/F, Room 1319, Wu Chung House 213 Queen’s Road East, Wan Chai, HongRead MoreCustomer Service1186 Words   |  5 Pagessome companies aim to look after their customers well, ensuring that the customer is at the heart of their business and everything they do. In marketing terms this is called being customer focused. It is important to realise that customers can take their business anywhere they want to and if they are not satisfied they will take their business elsewhere. 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Critical evaluation of coca colas corporate communication strategy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2733 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION Communication is the medium through which companies both large and small access the vital resources they need to operate (van Riel 1995). Without effective and integrated communication systems an organization will be unable to develop an appropriate structure for its corporate communication strategy. Given that its corporate communication entails selectively communicating the organizations views and objectives to its stakeholders (whom it relies on for the success of its business), it can therefore be described as a key management strategy. This report will critically assess Coca Colas Corporate Communication strategy through the evaluation of communication frameworks and models. It will look at the internal structure of Coca-Colas organization and how the company utilises corporate communication strategies to both epitomize their corporate identity to stakeholders and improve their reputation. It also looks at the corporate ethics and culture of the company and the impact of Corporate Communication management on the organisation Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical evaluation of coca colas corporate communication strategy" essay for you Create order 1.1 Background Information The Coca-Cola Company: Coca-Cola was invented on May 8, 1886, in Atlanta, Georgia by Dr. John Stith Pemberton. It was first offered as a fountain beverage by mixing Coca-Cola syrup with carbonated water. Coca-Cola was then patented in 1887, when another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler bought the formula for Coca Cola from inventor John Pemberton for $2,300. It was registered as a trademark in 1893 and by 1895 it was being sold in every state and territory in the United States. By the late 1890s, Coca Cola was one of Americas most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candlers aggressive marketing of the product. With Asa Candler, now at the helm, the Coca Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. In 1899, The Coca-Cola Company began franchised bottling operations in the United States. Today the Coca-Cola Company operates in more than 200 countries and markets nearly 500 brands and 3,000 beverage products. The company employs over 92,400 associates worldwide and has a consumer serving (per day) of nearly 1.6 billion, with a net operating revenue of over $31.9billion (as of December 31, 2008). Throughout the world today, no other product is as immediately recognizable by its brand as Coca-Cola. (www.thecoca-colacompany.com.html, 2009) 2. CORPORATE COMMUNICATION Corporate refers to complete, entire or total entities of the organization, while communication means to impart, share or make common. Therefore, corporate communication can be defined as a total communication of the organization or integrating different messages of organizations under one banner (Christensen et al. 2007). Van Riel and C. Fombrun (2006, p.25), cite Jacksons (1987) definition of corporate communication as the total communication activity generated by a company to achieve its planned objectives. That total communication represents all the different forms of communication that is occurring within the organization, including marketing, managerial and organizational interaction. An organisation such as Coca-Colas corporate communication strategy plays an important role in aiding stakeholders understanding of the organization and communicating the organizations identity. Corporate communication within an organization is essential for the implementation of strategic objectives, build brand and reputation and thereby create economic value. It is therefore a set of activities involved in managing and orchestrating all internal and external communications aimed at creating favourable starting points with stakeholders on whom the companies depend (Fombrun and van Riel 2006). Freemans (1984, p. 46) stakeholder approach defines stakeholders as: any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firms objectives. The stakeholders of The Coca-Cola Company (see Figure 3 below), include: consumers, customers, suppliers, employees, government and regulators, NGOs The local communities Strong centralized functions with direct connection to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the best way for a company to ensure the success of its corporate communication function. (Argenti, 1998). This was evident in Coca-Cola Company, under the leadership of the former CEO Douglas Ivester whose highly formalized, centralized organizational structure, with clear hierarchy of authority and a mechanistic management process has helped maintain control and drive aggressive marketing and expansion plans. This management structure was criticized by the external communities, claiming that the companys perspective was too global and ignored the local communities. Under the direction of the companys new CEO, Coca-Cola began decentralizing some of its activities in order to become more localized. Increased horizontal communication is now occurring within the organization. Sutherland and Canwell (2004, p.130) define horizontal communication as informal communication between peers or colleagues on the same level of the organizational structure. Coke immediately began realizing economies of scale and scope, as well as low-cost production from a globalization strategy that enables product design, manufacturing and marketing to be standardized throughout the world. Corporate communication if strategically implemented within an organisation helps build favourable corporate reputation, which in turn is influenced by corporate identity, behaviour, symbolism and has an impact on organizational performance (van Riel and Balmer, 1997). According to Argenti (1998) corporate communication model below (Figure 2), an organization communicates to its stakeholders through messages and images, who then respond by associating themselves with that particular organization. It affects the perceptions of stakeholders about the organizations prospects and so influences the resources that would be available to them (Fombrun and van Riel, 2006). Image, Identity and Reputation, Crisis Management, Community Relations and Corporate Ethics, Employee Relations and Human Resource Management (HRM) are all essential functions of an organization that depend on effective corporate communication to be successfully implemented. 2.1 Image, identity and reputation Corporate identity is the reality and uniqueness of an organization, which is integrally related to its external and internal image and reputation according to Gray and Balmer (1998), and is a means to achieve a competitive advantage (Schmidt, 1995), while the Image of a company is the reflection of the organizations reality. It is the corporation as seen through the eyes of its stakeholders (Argenti, 1998). Corporate image has 3 dimensions: Relational dimension relationship the company has with the government, the local community and its employees; Management dimension what the corporate goals, decision-making processes, knowledge management and understanding of company objectives; Product dimension product endorsement and support, competitive advantage and promotional distinctiveness. Coca-Colas corporate communication strategy within the company includes conducting stakeholder analysis to understand their individual stakeholders needs and attitudes. This involved a series of focus groups with consumers aged 18 and over and with employees of the Coca-Cola Company. It also included interviews with customers, non-governmental organizations and the media. The consistent use of the colours red and white, the lettering and the model-wave over time is an integral part of the companys corporate visual identity and is important to all stakeholder groups. If managed effectively corporate reputation can be a valuable asset that makes an organization more resilient in todays competitive environment. Corporate reputation is influenced by the way in which the company projects its image via behaviour, communication and symbolism (Gotsi and Wilson, 2001, p. 30).It is a multi-stakeholder construct that can be used to measure how effective an organizations communication system is (Fombrun and van Riel, 2006). When information that stakeholders need to make a decision about a company is insufficient, they will sometimes turn to the reputation of that company to seal the decision. 2.2 Crisis management and culture According to Jones (2000), a good reputation acts as a buffer to companies in times of crisis. After over 200 people, including school children reported feeling unwell in 1999; Coca-Cola was forced to issue recall of its soft drinks in countries in Western Europe including Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (Taylor, 2000). Taylor (2000) explained in his case study that a companys public relations and communication strategy should be executed on a global scale. He did this using Hofstedes (1980) theory of cultural dimension, which explained how values are influenced by culture in differing nations. Taylor (2000) proposed that in countries with high uncertainty avoidance and high power distance, citizens reacted more strongly to this tainting crisis, by forcing the government to place bans on the sale of Coca-Cola related products, while the governments of countries with low uncertainty avoidance and low power distance did not really react to the crisis. Culture management was also needed to accurately understand the environment they were embarking on. Cultureconsists in those patterns relative to behaviour and the products of human action which may be inherited, that is, passed on from generation to generation independently of the biological genes (Parson, 1949 p. 8). Under the guidance of the new CEO, the company adopted a think local, act local approach to marketing, which highlighted the importance of addressing the cultural needs of customers in the local market. Daft maintained the view that although Coca-Cola is a global brand, customers do not drink Coca-Cola globally. As a result, Coca-Cola has been adopting a localized strategy in marketing, advertising, and public relations by carrying out extensive stakeholder analysis as seen in Figure 3. The company also adopted a risk management approach that includes financial, operational, social, environmental and ethical considerations and are of the view that by identifying these risks and the potential consequences they could have on the business, they can proactively focus on these areas and identify ways to more effectively manage their impact on their operations. 2.3 Community relations and corporate ethics Coca-Cola is now working to become a model citizen by reaching out to local communities and getting involved in civic and charitable activities. Like reputation, corporate ethics and relationship with the external stakeholders is very important for building a positive image. Coca-Colas social responsibility and corporate ethics helps build company integrity. In 1960, Keith Davis suggested that corporate social responsibility refers to business decisions and actions taken for reasons at least partially beyond the firms direct economic or technical interest. Stakeholder management is important here as it reconciles the companys objectives with the claims and expectations being made by them of various stakeholder groups. 2.4 Employee relations and Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) is one of the most important forms of management within an organization and effective communication is essential for HRM to be successful. HRM is as defined by Bratton and Gold (1999): that part of the management process that specializes in the management of people in work organizations. HRM emphasizes that employees are critical to achieving sustainable competitive advantage, that human resources practices need to be integrated with the corporate strategy, and that human resource specialists help organizational controllers to meet both efficiency and equity objectives. The Coca-Cola Company links employee (internal) communications and employee relations and believe that they are integral components needed for the success of the organization. Employee Relations, according to Heery and Noon (2001), involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale. Essentially, Employee Relations is concerned with preventing and resolving problems involving individuals, which arise out of or affect work situations. The employees are the most valued internal stakeholders, as they communicate the product to the companys external stakeholders. Internal Corporate Communication falls under the organizational management department, as seen in van Riel (1995) model of integrated corporate communication. It is defined, according to Welch and Jackson (2007) as communication between an organisations strategic managers and its internal stakeholders, [in the case of Coca-Cola , its employees] designed to promote commitment to the organisation; a sense of belonging to it; awareness of its changing environment and understanding of its evolving aims. The Coca-Cola Company follows a similar structure regarding internal communication as depicted in Welch and Jacksons (2007) model (Figure 2). Within the company, corporate messages relayed directly to employees aid in reinforcing employee commitment towards the overall organizational objectives. On the same level, direct communication between managers and their employees helps create a sense of belonging to the organization. This sense of belonging then motivates employees to promote awareness and understanding of the corporate brand to the external stakeholders. Guest (1990), in his approach to strategic HRM draws on the Harvard model (proposed by Beer et al., 1984), which was associated with the softer side HRM and the Michigan model (proposed by Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna, 1984), which proposes the hard HRM approach. Hard HRM see human resources as mainly a factor of production, an expense of doing business rather than the only resource capable of turning inanimate factors of production in to wealth. In contrast, soft HRM places an emphasis on human side of things. The soft model focuses on treating employees as valued assets and a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptability and high quality skill and performance (Legge, 1995). The Coca-Cola Company incorporates both hard HRM and soft HRM within their organization reflected in the Choice Model adapted by Analoui (2002, p. 30). This model depicts a more holistic approach to HRM as seen in Figure 5 below. The Input Stage of HRM policies and frameworks This model represents the communication strategy with emphasis on HRM, being used by global organizations like Cola-Cola. It explains how the input stages of HRM policies are formulated at senior management levels based on the knowledge and information attained from internal, personal and external sources. These policies are then passed on to the functional and line management level where they are implemented, and finally ends at an output level that affects the individual, organisation and society bringing about, improved performance and effectiveness and quality of work life. This model proves effective as it takes into consideration the culture of the organization, as well as individual and stakeholders perception of the company and can be interpreted on an international basis for a company such as Coca-Cola. CONCLUSION This report critically reviews the corporate communication strategies being utilized within the Coca-Cola Company. It reflects on the nature, scope and focus of corporate communication, with emphasis on Human Resource Management and Employee Relations. It describes how corporate communication is essential for corporate image, identity and reputation to be understood by stakeholders. It explained how under the corporate communication strategy, Cola-Cola is able to formulate a more holistic approach to HR management, linking the needs of the internal stakeholders with those of its external stakeholders to achieve a more effective organization. Finally it concludes that company performance and efficiency is linked to the corporate communication strategy of an organization and how successful its implementation is. Bibliography Analoui, F (2002) The Changing Patterns of HRM. UK: Ashgate. Argenti, P.A. (1998) Corporate Communication. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Beer, M. et al. (1984) Managing human assets. New York: The Free Press Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (1999) Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. London: MacMillan Press. Christensen, L.T., Cornelissen, J.P. and Morsing, M. (2007) Corporate communications and its receptions: a comment on Llewellyn and Harrison. Human Relations Journal, Vol. 60 (4), p.653-661. Cornelissen, J.P. (2008) Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Davis, K. (1960) Can business afford to ignore its social responsibility? California Managements Review, Vol. 2 (3), p. 70-76. Freeman, R.E. (1984) Strategic Management: AStakeholder ApproachBoston, MA: Pitman Fombrun, C.J. and Riel, C.B.M. van (2006) Essentials of Corporate Communications: Implementing practices for effective reputation management. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at https://dawsonera.com [Accessed: 08 November 2009]. Fombrun, C.J et al. (1984) Strategic Human Resource Management. New York: John Wiley Gotsi, M and Wilson, A. (2001) Corporate reputation: seeking a definition. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 6 (1), p. 24-30. Gray, E.R. and Balmer, J.M.T. (1998) Managing Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation. Long Range Planning. Vol. 31 (5), p. 685-692 Guest, D. E. (1990) Human resource management and the American dream. Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 27 (4), p. 377-397. Heery, E and Noon, M. (2001) A Dictionary of Human Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, M.H. (2000) Reputation as reservoir. Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 3(1), p. 21-29. Legge, K. (1995) Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities, Basingstoke: Macmillan. Oliver, S. (1997) Corporate Communication: Principles, Technique and Strategies. London: Kogan Page. Parson, T. (1949)Essays in Sociological Theory: pure and applied.New York: Free Press. Riel, C.B.M. van (1995) Principles of Corporate communication. London: Prentice Hall. Riel, C.B.M. van and Balmer, J.M.T. (1997) Corporate identity: the concept, its measurement and management. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31 (5), p.340-355. Schmidt, K. (1995) The Quest for Corporate Identity. London: Cassell Sutherland, J. and Canwell, D. (2004) Key Concepts in Human Resource Management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Taylor, M. (2000) Cultural variance as a challenge to global public relations: a case study of Coca-Cola tainting scare in Western Europe. Public Relations Review, Vol. 26, p. 277-293. Welch, M. and Jackson, P.R. (2007) Rethinking internal communication: a stakeholder approach. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 12(2) p. 177-198. https://www.cokecorporateresponsibility.co.uk/index.html (2009) [Online]. [Accessed: 27 October 2009] https://www.thecoca-colacompany.com.html (2009) [Online]. [Accessed: 15 October 2009]

Biomedical Example - 861 Words

Biomedical Example Erika Steinebach 1/10/2016 Beryl Keegan HCS 335 Biomedical Example In 1995 Mickey Mantle received a liver transplant due to a failing liver caused by hepatitis and cirrhosis. He was a Baseball Hall of Fame center fielder for the New York Yankees. Even though the usual waiting period for a liver transplant in the United States is about 130 days, Mickey Mantle only had to wait two for the hospital to find an organ donor for him. It took only two days for the Baylor Medical Center’s transplant team to find an organ donor for the 63-year-old former baseball hero. According to the Southwest Organ Bank, Mantle was moved ahead of others on the list because of his deteriorating medical condition. But, many people†¦show more content†¦Everyone should have to go through the proper channels and be approved to be placed on the transplant list. Then, they should have to wait until it is their turn to receive the donated organ. The only time that someone should be moved up on the list is if their condition rapidly deteriorates o ver the course of a couple of days and it is absolutely medically necessary to give them the organ first. That would be the only acceptable way that I could see someone being moved up on the list and I have heard of this happening before. On the other hand, I can also see why they would want the system to make exceptions for real heroes. But, when I say real heroes I mean real heroes and not celebrities that people consider their heroes. Heroes mean service men and women of the military, law enforcement officers, fire fighters, etc. Heroes should be considered people who fight to help protect the people around them, not someone who gets paid to be in the public or on TV. That to me is not a real hero. But yes, if we are talking about the heroes I listed above, I do believe that in an emergency situation they should be moved to the top of the list if the organ that is needed is readily available for them to have transplanted right away. But, they should also look at the patientâ€⠄¢s medical history and note any complications thatShow MoreRelatedThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness Essay examples1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness The most dominant theory in Modern Western medicine of health and illness, held by many official health practitioners such as doctors, consultants, and surgeons has been labelled the biomedical approach or by some as the biomechanical model. The biomedical model presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the bodys workings. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. 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During my time at PBI, I worked to improve both the yield and quality of the protein extracted from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissue, using high pressure systems engineered by PBI. Over the course of myRead MoreStem Cells: Characterization and Biomedical Importance Es say example854 Words   |  4 Pagesclumps of cellular structures that contain tissue from all three of the germ layers, further indicated that the stem cells were pluripotent (Eiges et al. 2001). The pluripotent quality of human embryonic stem cells causes stem cells to have much biomedical significance. By creating cultures of human embryonic stem cells and causing the cells to differentiate into desired cell types, the cells could be used for various medical procedures and treatments. Several experiments have successfully used embryonic

Google And The Government Of China Essay - 1798 Words

Google and the Government of China: A case study in Cross-Cultural Negotiations Develop a negotiations planning document using the Kellogg format in Exhibit 11 Issue Google Chinese government Purpose of negotiation Priority: 1 Position: focuses on profit and brand management Priority: 2 Position: technological, economic gaining Interests: A population of 1.3 billion along with a growing economy makes Chinese market extremely important for Google to enter Interests: It wants Google to provide its citizens and companies with the access to the very best technology, eventually, an achievement of technological parity with the US. Also, China knows the nation’s economy will be improved by internet access and use. Level of†¦show more content†¦Services Priority: 5 Position: Google might want to provide China with only minimal number of services Priority:6 Position: The Chinese government would want to be provided with all the services Google normally offer. Interests: If Google also provide services such as Gmail, chat rooms or blogging that involve users’ personal information, The Chinese government could abuse the information that Google provides as it did with Yahoo. This will critically damage its principle of â€Å"Don’t be evil† Interests: China wants to maximize Chinese engineers’ access to Google’s proprietary research technology. China would not want to be limited on the number of services. Saving-face issue Priority: 4 Position: Google does not want to appear as a company that strengthens a government that violates human rights Priority: 3 Position: China wants to enforce Google the same level of censorship so that it can appear to the world as an independent and powerful actor in the global marketplace. Interests: Google got famous for its seemingly rigid adherence to utopian ideals. If it turns out to be false, harsh criticism will be unavoidable, which may lead to reduced revenue. 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Criminal Law and the Facts

Question: 1. The Latin maxim, actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea, is fundamental to criminal liability. In the case of Haughton v Smith [1975] AC 476, Lord Hailsham stated that it meant that, an act does not make a man guilty of a crime, unless his mind be also guilty. Nicola Monaghan, Criminal Law Directions (3rd edn, OUP 2014) 15. Explain the meaning of the terms actus reus and mens rea in criminal law. Evaluate whether Lord Hailshams statement represents an accurate definition of all the elements which should be proved by the prosecution in order to establish liability for a criminal offence.2. Annas girlfriend Epi is a professional photographer. Anna goes into Epis studio which is located next to their home and sees an unflattering photograph of herself. Anna angrily says to Epi, I am going to smash your digital memory card to make sure that no-one sees that photograph. Epi just laughs at Anna. Anna goes to the garage, picks up a hammer and returns to Epis studio. Anna takes the digital memory card out of Epis camera and hits it several times with the hammer. The digital memory card breaks into three pieces.Epi is upset, tells Anna their relationship is over and runs out of the studio. Anna is devastated and smokes a cigarette in the studio to calm herself down. Anna throws the cigarette into the waste paper bin, hesitates for a moment, then leaves the studio and the door automatically locks behind her. The cigarette ignites the waste paper and the fire burns Epis photography equipment and studio furniture. Usually Epis assistant works in the studio but unknown to Anna had called in sick that day.After returning home, Anna notices smoke coming from the studio. Anna rushes back to the studio but does not have a key to get in. She phones the fire brigade from her mobile phone and is told they will not reach the studio for thirty minutes. Anna knows that Epi has an important exhibition of life-size photographs next week and can see through the pa tio doors that the fire has not yet reached these. Anna picks up a brick and smashes the patio doors to the studio. Anna is able to save the life-size photographs from the fire. Advise Anna as to her criminal liability for criminal damage, if any. Answer: 1. Actus Reus is known to be a Latin word, which is generally used in Criminal Act. Every crime has two parts, one is the physical act of the crime and the other part is mental intent to do the crime. [1]Both are equal in terms when any crime is performed. Physical act of the crime is known as Actus Reus and the mental intent to do the crime is known as Mens Rea.[2] When any lawyer needs to prove actus Reus against the accused party then it is important that the accused is responsible for a deed, which is prohibited by the Criminal Law. In Actus Reus there is a physical activity, which is performed by the accused to hurt the other person or to damage the property. If there were a murder or a physical assault of any person then it would definitely qualify as an act of Actus Reus. There is another form, which is considered to be actus Reus that is omission. If a person who is left with an infant were not taking proper care of the infant then it would be considered as omission. In any case where a person is providing any harm to any other person is considered as Actus Reus. But there is one exception to actus reus. Whenever criminal actions are involuntary then this would not fall under actus reus. This would include those acts where any movement is made at the time when a person is sleeping or is unconscious. Any act, which occurs as a result of convulsion and spasm, would also not cover under Actus Reus. All these cases are not covered under Actus Reus because here the acts were not intentional and the person would not even know about it until it actually occurs. More the Actus Reus, Mens Rea is considered to be more dangerous because it deals with the mind. What the accused was thing at the time when he was committing a crime, how such thought came to his mind, and he has the intention to provide harm to the other person. It simply means a guilty mind, guilty knowledge or a guilty purpose. An act alone cannot create any criminal liability unless a person is accompanied with a guilty state of mind. How much Mens Area would apply in a case would depend upon case to case. In a case of murder it obviously requires a malicious state of mind and in the case of Larceny it requires a felonious state of mind. Nowadays whenever a case is being judged then the accused is also punished based on the requirement of Mens Rea. Like Actus Reus even in this case involuntary acts are not considered to be criminal. But if a person has committed a murder then mens rea would be completely ignored since it is a serious crime and he would be considered guilty. Even if a person has no intention to murder a person he would be considered a guilty. There was a case between Haughton and Smith, which was heard in the House of Lords. The case was about committing a crime of handling stolen goods where the goods were not stolen and an offence in attempting to handle stolen goods is committed in the same circumstances. As per Lord Hailsham there would be an attempt to committing a crime if the act was completed. But if a person were going to do something, which is afterwards done, which is not a crime then it would not be considered as an attempt to commit a crime. [3]Apart from this lord Hailsham had also made a statement that any act done by a person would not make him guilty of crime unless his mind is also guilty. It is very important that a mans mind should also have the guilt. He quoted it is thus not the actus which is reus but the man and his mind respectively [4] The statement, which was given by Hailsham, was in-line with all the elements, which should be proved by the prosecution in order to establish liability of a criminal offence. He correctly quoted that unless and until a person is having a criminal mind how can he be convicted by the court of committing a crime. As we have already discussed above that crime involves both physical act and mental ability. The person will do physical act only when he is mentally prepared for it. The present case is just the case for handling stolen goods; it was not the case of a murder so the exception of Actus Reus and Mens rea would not apply in this case. In this case it was important that one should prove that Smith also had the intention to handle stolen goods. Before the goods would have come to him it was already in the custody of police so he has not at all handled the stolen goods. Goods came to him in the custody of police, so at that time these goods would not be considered as stolen. Now sin ce these goods are now not considered as stolen then intention of committing a crime does not even comes into picture. In this case court also derived three propositions, which were: There is a huge difference between attempt in committing a crime and intention in committing a crime. In the present case respondent had the intention in committing a crime as per Section 22 of the Theft Act. So in this case there is no attempt in committing a crime since the goods were already in the custody of the police. In the present case the actual handling was not at all there since goods were already in the custody of police. There was no commission of offence since when the goods were handled they were not at all termed as stolen goods. This act mainly relied on constituting an attempt must not be an act preparatory to commit the completed offence but must also bear the relationship to the completion of offence. [5] After knowing about the definition of Actus Reus and Mens rea and also analyzing the statement given by Hailsham it can be concluded that there was no crime involved in this case. Only the intention of committing a crime was there but attempt to commit a crime was not at all there. If the goods were not in the police custody and it would have reached to Smith then it would have been considered as attempt in committing a crime. But since the goods were taken into the police custody even before it reached him, it would not at all be considered as stolen goods. So there is no question that Smith should be considered guilty in this case. For any criminal act both the acts needs to be proved to make any person guilty. But here one of the acts was not at all committed so it would not be considered as a criminal offence. [6] Hence Lord Hailshm statement represents an accurate definition of all the elements, which should be proved by the prosecution in order to establish liability for a criminal offence in this case. 2. Issue: The present case is between a boyfriend and a girlfriend. Epi is a guy who is a professional photographer and he also has a studio. Once Anna Epis girlfriend went to his studio and noticed something strange which made her very angry. She had seen an unflattering picture of herself. The most disgusting thing was Epi was laughing when Anna told that she would smash his digital memory card so that no one sees her photograph.so to smash the digital memory card she went to the garage, bought an hammer and broke the memory card into three pieces. Due to this Epi got very angry and in anger he told her that he wants to end this relationship and then simply went out of the studio. After listening to this Anna got devastated and so she started smoking a cigarette. After smoking she threw the cigarette in the waste paper bin and went out of the studio. While going out of the studio she had pushed the door and itself locked the door. The keys of the door were inside the studio, so it was difficult to open the studio from inside. Unfortunately the assistant who used to work in the studio was not there that day since he was on sick leave. After sometime smoke was coming out from the studio. It was due to the cigarette, which was thrown by Anna in the waste paper bin. After reaching there she found out that photography equipment and studios furniture was on fire. Knowing that the key was inside she even tried to call the fire brigade but unfortunately they wont be able to reach there until 30 minutes. Anna knew that there is an important exhibition next week of life size photographs. But fortunately those photographs were still not in fire but it could also be on fire if the fire is not stopped soon. Trying to safe those photos she picked up a brick and then smashed the patio doors of the studio. In this way she was able to save the life-size photographs from fire. In this case we need to see that whether Anna should be convicted for ant criminal liability or not. Since fire occurred due to her irresponsible behavior chances were there that she would be proved guilty for criminal charges.[7] 4Rule: To prove any person to be criminally liable he must first be proved guilty. Any criminal act consists of two main parts, which are discussed below, in detail: Actus Reus: it consists of almost all the elements of crime except the state of mind of the defendant. Generally it consists of result, conduct, omission and state of affairs. A conduct itself would be considered as criminal. Examples of conduct crime would be theft, rape, possession of drugs and perjury.[8] There are chances that conduct may not be criminal but the result would be criminal. Examples for result crime would be assault, murder, criminal damage and battery.in state of affairs crime it mainly consists of being rather than doing. [9]Examples for such crimes would be a person who is drunk while driving or being an illegal alien. In the case of omission crime there is no liability for a failure to act. Example for this case would be a small child is getting drowned in shallow water but his parent is not doing anything to save him. Such cases would not be considered as criminal. But there are certain exceptions to it, which would be statutory duty, contractual duty and dutie s, which are imposed by law.[10] Mens Rea: it consists of the criminal mid of a person. More than a physical hurt what is more dangerous is a criminal mind. To physically injure a person first requires an intention to injure that person. Unless an intention is there in a persons mind he cannot physically injure a person. [11]That is why a criminal mind is very dangerous. Now almost all criminal systems requires an element of criminal intent for mist of the crimes m=which are committed. Just on the basis of physical injury a criminal cannot be considered guilty. There are chances that a person was injured unintential then such cases would not be considered criminal. So Mens rea is considered to be equally important with the actus reus.[12] Application: As we have seen that in the present case Anna is being seen as a guilty person. But actual position was something else. When she was smoking in Edis studio she had just thrown away the cigarette after smoking in the paper win. She didnt even know that the bin would be having papers which in-turn would catch fire. But unfortunately due to the cigarette the whole studio was caught on fire. Even when she went outside the studio she closed the door but she didnt knew that the keys were kept inside. And even when she saw that studio was on fire she even called the fire brigade and after that she tried to save the studio as well by throwing bricks. At the end she saves the life-size photographs, which were going to be used next week by his boyfriend in an exhibition.[13] This act by her clearly shows that her act was unintentional. She didnt have the intention to put the studio on fire. It was just due to her careless behavior that studio was on fire. There was Actus Reus in this case since the property was damaged due to her careless behavior. She would be considered guilty if the court gives decision only the basis of actus reus, but apart from this even mens rea is considered while taking any decision. In this case she would not be considered guilty just on the basis of mens rea. She was angry after she had seen her unflattering photographs so she even broke the memory card. But she never even thought in his mind that she wanted to destroy Edis studio. She just wanted to destroy the memory card and which she already did it.[14] So as per criminal law if one needs to be proved guilty then he should be proved guilty in both Actus Reus and mens rea. But in the present case of Anna, she is just at fault as per the Actus Reus but not as per Mens rea. She never had the intention to put Edis studio on fire. So on the basis of this she would not be criminally liable in this case. Conclusion: on the basis of criminal law and the facts of the case it is clearly observed that Anna would not be criminally liable for the fire in the studio. It was unintentional from her part, it was just due to small careless behavior that studio was on fire. If she had the intention to commit a crime then she would have been guilty but since she didnt had any intention to destroy the studio, she would not be considered guilty in this case.[15] She was angry on her boyfriend so she broke his memory card. But nowhere she had shown her intention to destroy Edis studio. So in the present case Anna is not considered as criminally liable and should not be considered guilty. References Actus Reus' (E-lawresources.co.uk, 2016) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Actus-reus.php accessed 19 March 2016 Actus Reus Lecture Notes | Criminal Law | Law Teacher' (Lawteacher.net, 2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/lecture-notes/criminal-law/actus-reus-lecture.php accessed 19 March 2016 Age Of Criminal Responsibility - GOV.UK' (Gov.uk, 2016) https://www.gov.uk/age-of-criminal-responsibility accessed 19 March 2016 'Causation In Criminal Liability' (E-lawresources.co.uk, 2016) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Causation-in-criminal-liability.php accessed 19 March 2016 CASELAWYER (DENIS MARINGO): HAUGHTON V. SMITH [1975] A.C 476, [1973] 3 ALL ER 1109, [1974] 3 W.L.R. 1 HAYWARD (1908)' (Caselawyer.blogspot.in, 2016) https://caselawyer.blogspot.in/2015/01/haughton-v-smith-1975-ac-476-1973-3-all.html accessed 19 March 2016 Crime Library: Actus Reus | Crime Museum' (Crimemuseum.org, 2016) https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/actus-reus accessed 19 March 2016 Haughton -V- Smith, On Appeal From Regina -V- Smith (Roger); HL 21 Nov 1973' (swarb.co.uk, 2015) https://swarb.co.uk/haughton-v-smith-on-appeal-from-regina-v-smith-roger-hl-21-nov-1973-3/ accessed 19 March 2016 Haughton V Smith' (Vanuatu.usp.ac.fj, 2016) https://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/courses/la205_criminal_law_and_procedure_1/Cases/Haughton_v_Smith.html accessed 19 March 2016 Haughton K, 'An Overview Of Disk Storage Systems' (1975) 63 Proceedings of the IEEE Ltd A (Allaboutlaw.co.uk, 2016) https://www.allaboutlaw.co.uk/stage/study-help/criminal-law-actus-reus-mens-rea accessed 19 March 2016 Mangiafico J, 'The Independence Of The Actus Reus' SSRN Electronic Journal Mens Rea' (TheFreeDictionary.com, 2016) https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mens+rea accessed 19 March 2016 Mens Rea | Law' (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016) https://www.britannica.com/topic/mens-rea accessed 19 March 2016 Mens Rea In Criminal Cases' (1890) 4 Harvard Law Review Trends In Corporate Criminal Liability In The UK - The Latest Legal Features, Research And Legal Profiles - Who's Who Legal' (Who's Who Legal, 2016) https://whoswholegal.com/news/features/article/31747/trends-corporate-criminal-liability-uk accessed 19 March 2016 [1] 'Crime Library: Actus Reus | Crime Museum' (Crimemuseum.org, 2016) https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/actus-reus accessed 19 March 2016. [2] Mens Rea' (TheFreeDictionary.com, 2016) https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mens+rea accessed 19 March 2016 [3] CASELAWYER (DENIS MARINGO): HAUGHTON V. SMITH [1975] A.C 476, [1973] 3 ALL ER 1109, [1974] 3 W.L.R. 1 HAYWARD (1908)' (Caselawyer.blogspot.in, 2016) https://caselawyer.blogspot.in/2015/01/haughton-v-smith-1975-ac-476-1973-3-all.html accessed 19 March 2016 [4] 'Haughton -V- Smith, On Appeal From Regina -V- Smith (Roger); HL 21 Nov 1973' (swarb.co.uk, 2015) https://swarb.co.uk/haughton-v-smith-on-appeal-from-regina-v-smith-roger-hl-21-nov-1973-3/ accessed 19 March 2016. [5] Haughton K, 'An Overview Of Disk Storage Systems' (1975) 63 Proceedings of the IEEE [6] Haughton V Smith' (Vanuatu.usp.ac.fj, 2016) https://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/courses/la205_criminal_law_and_procedure_1/Cases/Haughton_v_Smith.html accessed 19 March 2016 [7] Age Of Criminal Responsibility - GOV.UK' (Gov.uk, 2016) https://www.gov.uk/age-of-criminal-responsibility accessed 19 March 2016 [8] Actus Reus' (E-lawresources.co.uk, 2016) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Actus-reus.php accessed 19 March 2016 [9] Actus Reus Lecture Notes | Criminal Law | Law Teacher' (Lawteacher.net, 2016) https://www.lawteacher.net/lecture-notes/criminal-law/actus-reus-lecture.php accessed 19 March 2016 [10] Ltd A (Allaboutlaw.co.uk, 2016) https://www.allaboutlaw.co.uk/stage/study-help/criminal-law-actus-reus-mens-rea accessed 19 March 2016 [11] Mens Rea In Criminal Cases' (1890) 4 Harvard Law Review [12] Mens Rea | Law' (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016) https://www.britannica.com/topic/mens-rea accessed 19 March 2016 [13] Mangiafico J, 'The Independence Of The Actus Reus' SSRN Electronic Journal [14] 'Causation In Criminal Liability' (E-lawresources.co.uk, 2016) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Causation-in-criminal-liability.php accessed 19 March 2016 [15] Trends In Corporate Criminal Liability In The UK - The Latest Legal Features, Research And Legal Profiles - Who's Who Legal' (Who's Who Legal, 2016) https://whoswholegal.com/news/features/article/31747/trends-corporate-criminal-liability-uk accessed 19 March 2016

Nintendos Success free essay sample

You might laugh at a 12 year old when he claims his Pokemon game is serious business, yet you must admit that at Nintendo, games are serious business. Ever since 1975 when Nintendo made the significant key transition from a national playing card/small scale electronic toy company to an international video game company, its business has been blooming. From the earliest GameWatch in 1976 to the Gameboy in 1989, and the Nintendo DS in 2004, Nintendo generated one after another landmark product that won the hearts of millions of video game players all over the world (History of Nintendo. In 2006, the company introduced innovative Wii to the market, redefining the boundary of video games and opening a new channel for the company’s business. From a playing card company to a global video game producer that designs and manufactures the leading products in its sector, Nintendo has achieved success through strategic thinking. The combination of clear vision, solid purpose, efficient str ucture, creative leadership, and unique strategy paved the way for Nintendo to rise as one of the top three video game manufacturers. Nintendo creates values for its customers. For example, when a grade school child screams with joy upon receiving a Nintendo DS for Christmas or when the entire family sits in front of TV to play Wii baseball on a rainy Sunday, we have evidence that customers value Nintendo products. The company’s devotion to serve its customers is its strongest motivation to constantly renovate and design products that could fit better into the consumers’ life styles, hobbies, and budgets. Nintendo’s products are widely welcomed by consumers because the company knows consumers’ needs and wants and mobilizes its capital, human, and technological resource to make different dreams come true. The design of Wii perfectly exemplifies Nintendo’s consideration for its customers. The multi-part device is elegant, compact, lightweight, and energy efficient. Gamers can purchase different parts, such as the console, the remote, the nunchuk, or the balance board, according to individual needs. Wii is especially outstanding in is its design concept of family fun. This game theme contradicts the traditional parents’ view of video games, yet it is so urgently needed by the families that have little quality time to spend together nowadays. Wii brings families together to play sports, raise Pokemon, or even sing. The unique set up of the device invites multiple players and creates an atmosphere of bonding. On the other end of the market, Nintendo creates values for its business partners. The company’s extended branches of developers and transatlantic joint ventures are at the core of its value creation through partnership. The company parcels out the design and development of new product and new versions of existing products to multiple levels of developers around the globe. These developers are composed of smaller software design companies or individuals who do not have enough resource to stand strong alone in the vast industry. The partnership with Nintendo, the well-known video game producer, not only provides the developers with monetary support—crucial for the survival of small businesses—but also allows the developers opportunities to improve by accessing a wider range technology and resources. For example, iQue, Limited, is a Chinese joint venture with Nintendo. iQue manufactures and distributes official Nintendo consoles and games for the mainland Chinese market under the iQue brand. With the support of Nintendo, Wei Yen, iQue’s founder, has also able to design and produce the company’s own first product, iQue (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. ) Nintendo’s effectiveness in continuously creating value for its customers and business partners is based on its delicately structured business model. The company is now a multinational corporation with multiple principal offices and distribution centers in North America, Oceania, Europe, Africa, and its home Asia (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. While the Japanese headquarter serves as the control center of the company, monitoring sales, planning budgets, analyzing the market trend, and evaluating the overall performance, Nintendo distributes the job of product design and manufacture into many smaller that specialize in software design, computer programming, or CPU manufacturing. Instead of trying to perform every step in the production process alone, Nintendo wisely chooses to build solid and long lasting partnerships that will allow the firm to reduce the cost of building design studios or manufacturing plants but still produce the high quality products. For instance, its famous developer Monolith Soft, that also worked with Nintendo’s rival, Sony, to develop PlayStation 2, delivers top selling games for Nintendo DS and Wii (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. ) The keys in its successful partnership are trust, degrees of freedom, and quality control. The company strictly controls the licensing process before it works with the development studios; yet once it builds the partnership, Nintendo encourages creativity from its developers and allows much freedom for the studios to design software that reveals their own concepts and ideologies. The company follows the same rule for the manufacturers. Nintendo takes great amount of effort to research top manufacturers. IBM and ATI, two of the best from the business, produce cutting-edge CPUs of Wii (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. ) To ensure the integrity of the products, Nintendo not only controls the quality, but also instills its own values and regulations into the production process. As a result, the products designed and produced by different partners carry the essence and spirit of Nintendo’s corporate culture. Nevertheless, Nintendo was not always as successful as it is today. Founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, Nintendo started as a small Japanese playing card business based in Kyoto. The company produced and marketed a playing card game called Hanafuda. In 1956, a visit to the U. S. Playing Card Company reminded Hiroshi Yamauchi, the grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi, about the limitation of the playing card business. The insight led to Nintendo’s disastrous venture into a taxi company and even a â€Å"love hotel† chain, a TV network and a food company. The fragmentation of its capital in new business venture along with the decrease in sale of playing cards caused the downfall of the company. Fortunately, the turning point came in the 1970s when Hiroshi Yamauchi wisely re-determined the direction of the company and successfully transformed it into an electronics/technology company (Nintendo. Company History. ) In 1970, Nintendo’s stock listing moved to the first section of the Osaka Securities Exchange. In 1980, Nintendo entered the North American market and established its first oversea subsidiary, Nintendo of America Inc. trading on pink sheets with the ticker symbol NTDOY (Nintendo Database. ) Since its enterance of the electronic era in 1975, Nintendo’s development speeded immensely as a result of the popular game console Gameboy series. As the company gathers more and more capital from its booming sales, it expands into global market with approximately 20 major offices and distribution centers in five continents. The structure of the company greatly changed from a small firm that designs, produces, and markets its own products to a complex corporation that operates on different levels and divisions with centralized power. Nintendo owns and works with more than a hundred internal and outside first, second, and third party design studios in product development. Internally, its Research and Development is composed of three branches: Nintendo Technology Development, Nintendo Integrated Research and Development, and Nintendo Technology and Engineering. The company’s Sales and Market Research Department is empowered by professional market researchers such as HFI Inc, NES Merchandising Inc, NHR Inc. , as well as its own Nintendo Research, Inc. (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. With such a powerful and complete engine that generates new market trends, sales, and technologies, the company is able to gather sufficient amount of information that is crucial in the decision-making process. To lead this organization that has great complexity and various areas of specialty, Nintendo’s leadership team is composed of competent leaders whose intelligence and personalities have left legacies of sound practice and good stewardships for the company. The legendary CEO, Hiroshi Yamauchi, took the position in 1949 and remained the head of the company for more than half a century. He took Nintendo through major transitions in the 70s and established the company as the top three video game producers around the globe. In 2002, the former CEO broke the historical inheritance of the company and passed the torch to Satoru Iwata, Nintendo’s first CEO outside the Yamauchi family. Two other major officials, Masaharu Matsumoto, the Managing Director in the General Manager and Finance and Information Systems Division, and Eiichi Suzuki, the Managing Director; in the General Manager and General Affairs Division serve as the left and right hands of the CEO, aiding him in human resource management and product distribution. Under this leadership team, Nintendo merged all software designers under the EAD (Entertainment Analysis Development) division and renovated internal development divisions into five groups: Nintendo EAD, Nintendo EAD Tokyo, Nintendo Integrated Research Development, Nintendo Software Production Development, and Nintendo Technology Development (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. Working as a software designer for Nintendo for years before taking the challenging CEO position, Iwata has the insight of venturing into new avenue in video the game industry and greatly contributed to the design concept of Wii—Nintendo’s landmark product in the present market (Nintendo Database. ) The invention of Wii is the best example of Nintendo’s business strategy. This innovative game console is a major breakthrough of this sector because it turns over the traditional assumptions about video games as sedentary and visual and seamlessly connects physical activities and inter-personal bonding in one game. While the traditional video games try to appeal to visual elements by enhancing the pixels and 3D motion quality, Wii focus on move the gamers from emotional level. Nintendo focuses on the consumer’s feeling rather than its product. Wii does not equal to video games; Wii aims at the fun consumers enjoy while they play (Kjerulf. ) Thus by setting Wii apart from the traditional consoles, Nintendo is competing on completely different terms than Sony and Microsoft. Wii doesn’t intend to be a best-of-breed videogame console: Wii is cheap, has no Hard Disk, no DVD, no Dolby 5. , weak connectivity, comparatively low processor speed, but blows minds away with its innovative motion control nunchuk. The nunchuk integrates the movements of a player directly into the video game. With this feature Nintendo opens up the game console world to a completely new public of untapped non-gamers (Kjerulf. ) Such strategy of making competition irrelevant, in Wii’s case deviating attent ion from the core group of consumers to attract non-core video game players and possibly a lot more first-timers, is referred as Blue-Ocean Strategy by W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne in their book Blue Ocean Strategy (Nintendo’s Blue Ocean Strategy. ) While Microsofts Xbox and Sonys PS3 are fighting each other fiercly in a red ocean, the existing market, Nintendos Wii is calmly sailing in the blue ocean it created for itself. As for year 2008, Nintendo outcompetes its rivals Sony (PS3) and Microsoft (Xbox) Nintendos unit sales of 720,000 Wiis are followed in descending order by Nintendos DS platform with 698,000 units; Sonys PSP with 297,000 units; Microsofts Xbox 360 with 262,000; and Sonys PS3 with 257,000 (Emigh. Although Nintendo clearly understands the 80-20 rules in business, it dares to explore new possibilities of money-making by shifting the design concept and marketing strategy. While the main group of consumers, that is the 80% of revenue source and 20% of all its consumers, still consists of children, teenagers, and young adults who have always been active buyers in video game market, Nintendo challenges this rule b y designing and marketing Wii. The result is clear to all now: Nintendo not only successfully expands its revenue sources but also broadens the avenue for future development. In the years to come, the success story of Wii will continuously serves as an inspiration to Nintendo—a company that encourages creativity and innovation, welcomes changes and fresh blood, and focuses on people rather than tools or technologies. Innovation is big in Nintendo. In the next five to ten years, the company will consistently seek new angles and technologies in video game development including online gaming, while keeping expanding the existing trade marks such as Gameboy, Nintendo DS, and Wii (Gogia. With the mission to be â€Å"strongly committed to producing and marketing the best products and support services available,† Nintendo believes it is essential to provide products of the highest quality and to treat every customer with attention, consideration and respect (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. ) It will continuously put people first by listening closely to its customers and by constantly improving its products and services. The guiding concept of â€Å"focus on people† in the mission statement is not only revealed by its promise to all its customers to provide the best possible products and customer services, it is also revealed by its goals and visions toward its employees. As stated in their mission statement for the employees, Nintendo feels â€Å"an equal commitment toward its employees† and believes â€Å"in treating our employees with the same consideration and respect that it, as a company, shows its customers† (Nintendo. 008 Annual Report. ) The company aims to maintain an atmosphere in which talented individuals can work together as a team. Because commitment and enthusiasm are crucial to the high quality of its products, Nintendo holds high expectations for its employees to devote to the company and work with passion. Nevertheless, employees enjoy freedom of creativity and individuality, have large room for personal development, and are encouraged to propose innovative ide as. Besides the positive environment it creates for its employees, Nintendo spends efforts in building its unique corporation culture which gradually distinguishes itself from other companies in the industry. For example, outside the world of video games, Nintendo owns Seattle Mariners, an American professional baseball team based in Seattle, Washington (Nintendo. 2008 Annual Report. ) As baseball is the national sports in Japan, Nintendo’s ownership of a major U. S. baseball league shows people its love for the sport and builds up a human-like characteristic of the company that makes it closer to its consumers and employees. The company also strives to be a good corporate citizen of the community. Not only it concerns with its own profit, but also it cares about its customers and the environment. It protects the environment by designing energy-efficient game tools, such as Wii, while it helps its customers live a healthier life by introducing physical motions. The demanding yet encouraging atmosphere and the vivid and deeply implanted corporate culture become the reasons that Nintendo ranks high in its employees’ heart and in the community’s mind. As a result of continuing executing its strategy of expanding the gaming audience by offering a variety of products which satisfy both novice as well as skilled gamers over the past years, Nintendo has achieved record results in both net sales and income. Net sales were 1,672. 4 billion yen (US$16,724 million) increased by 73. 0 percent from the previous fiscal year, operating income was 487. 2 billion yen (US$4,872 million) increased by 115. 6 percent from the previous fiscal year, ordinary income was 440. 8 billion yen (US$4,408 million) increased by 52. percent from the previous fiscal year, and net income was 257. 3 billion yen (US$2,573 million) increased by 47. 7 percent from the previous fiscal year (Nintendo. Annual Financial Report. ) In FY 2008, the total revenue for FY 2008 is $1,672,423 (Nintendo Co. Ltd. Financial Times. ) An investor should definitely consider Nintendo as a profitable bet, because its clear focus and intuitive vision promise its bright future. In fact, the general market trend of video game industry is positive in the next decade. Even in a tough economy, the US market for video game hardware, software, and accessories soared 57% from March 2007, reaching a total sale of $1. 7 billion milestone in March 2008 (Emigh. ) Driven by expansion of software sales, a growing installed base of the new generation of console hardware as well as favorable handheld hardware sales over the past year, the market is projected to continuously grow. What makes the video game sector remain viable in a downward economy might be caused by â€Å"a shift in preferences for expenditures of consumer dollars as attributed by Groups David Riley. However, what makes Nintendo stand out among its competitors in today’s market is its solid concept of focusing on people, in other words, to think outside-in of what products and service consumers want and its intuitive way of thinking outside the box, as trite as it might sounds. These two factors along with its strong partnership with affiliated companies, its efficient business model, its organized structure, and its charismatic leadership and corporate culture ensure the company a promising outlook.